Glossary of Early Modern Popular Print Genres

Single-sheet print

Almanac

Annually published books and sheets based on the calendar with the observations on the passage of time, the seasons, astronomical data and the interpretation of these data.

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Aviso

In Italy in the 16th and 17th centuries, avviso (spelled with double v in Italian) denoted a specific type of handwritten or printed newsletters as well as the content of these newsletters (news).

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Ballad

A ballad was a popular song that had many subgenres such as the love ballad, the satirical ballad and the execution ballad. Ballads were common across Europe.

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Broadsheet (broadside)

Modern concept

Broadsheets (or broadsides) is a portmanteau term referring to a form of prints consisting of only a single sheet, printed on one side only in the case of broadsides.

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Coranto

The Dutch courant (in modern Dutch often shortened to krant) derived its name from the French words courrier (meaning a running messenger) and courant (referring to a current, for example in a river). The term was taken up in English as coranto or courant.

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Criminal narrative

Modern concept

Criminal narratives are stories about criminals, be it fictional or non-fictional. This genre comprises many forms such as criminal biographies, dying speeches, murder and execution ballads, and penny prints.

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Devotional literature

Modern concept

Devotional literature accounted for a major stream of steady sellers across Europe from the early days of print onwards.

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Form

Modern concept

A widely used genre of broadsides commissioned by authorities were official forms. Such forms included indulgences, certificates, permissions, receipts, bills of sale and similar genres.

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Game (printed on paper)

Printed materials designed for play, usually according to prescribed rules.

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Gazette

While the term initially referred to handwritten news sheets (e.g. in Italy, France, and the Low Countries), gazette became one of the most widely used terms across Europe for printed periodicals.

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Hornbook

Hornbooks were educational material for children, consisting of a wooden board with a handle, with a single sheet of print on them.

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Libel/pasquil

Libels and pasquils were types of pamphlets, (often short) polemical writings with a satirical or outright biting tone.

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Lottery ticket

Lottery was a game of chance in the early modern period. A lottery ticket was bought in order to participate in a lottery. In these days two forms of lotteries were current in Europe: the lotto and the class lottery.

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Martyr story

Modern concept

Amidst the religious controversies of the 16th and 17th centuries, especially in Germany, the Low Countries, England, and France, the lives and especially the deaths of contemporary martyrs were the subject of different kinds of publications.

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New Year prints

Modern concept

Various types of print related to Christmas and the new year circulated in the early modern period. 

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News pamphlet

Modern concept

News pamphlets are small printed items containing just a single news fact or event. Across Europe, they were an important means of distributing printed news in the era before periodicals

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Newspaper

Modern concept

A periodical publication covering a broad range of current events and usually including advertisements, issued frequently, especially daily or weekly.

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Nouvelle

Term used in French, English, Dutch (nouvelle) and Italian (nuova) to denote a single piece of news, similar in use to tiding and report. Predating, and subsequently running parallel with, the early modern use of nouvelle in a news context, the term was used to indicate a literary genre of short narrative prose.

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Penny print

Penny prints are cheap broadsides, printed on one side and illustrated with 8 to 48 woodcuts. Rhyming captions below the images either narrated the story or explained the (non-fictional) pictures.

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Plague sheet/book

The plague, probably the most-feared disease in early modern Europe, generated an ongoing stream of printed materials, booklets as well as printed images, especially at times of outbreaks.

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Playbill/Playbook

Modern concept

The term playbill is used for a bill, placard or poster that advertised plays and was intended for public display. They usually also gave the names of the actors. Playbooks contained the theatre texts themselves.

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Proclamation

Proclamations or ordinances, usually from the state government, notified the population of official decrees and laws.

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Report

In Venice, the term reporto was largely synonymous with avvisi, similarly being used to denote both a newsletter and its content (news). From Northern Italy the term spread across Europe, where in most contexts it referred solely to a single piece of news.

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Saint’s life

Saints’ lives were the subject of many kinds of popular publications, ranging from ballads and single-sheet images (e.g. devotional images, penny prints) to longer stories (e.g. in chapbooks), sermons, prayers, and collections of hagiographies.

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Sermon

Sermons were printed and published either in the form of pamphlets (containing a single sermon) or as collections containing the most popular sermons of one or more preachers.

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Tidings

The English word tiding, as well as the German Zeitung and the Dutch tijding are derived from the middle Low German Tidung, meaning a message or event. In the 15th and 16th centuries all these terms referred primarily to a single piece of news.

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Topical poetry

Modern concept

Topical or occasional poetry was written in response to an event in the family (birth, marriage, death) or public sphere (battle, commemoration), or on the occasion of a poetry contest (e.g. of rhetoricians, or the Spanish justas poéticas).

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